Fifteen years after the entry into force of the Second Protocol (9 March 2004), it is evident that the wider concept of enhanc! protection has been more widely embrac!. At present, ten States parties have list! properties under enhanc! protection, including seventeen sites and monuments in total. While this is phone number database of course a lot more properties than have ever been list! under special protection, it remains a rather low number of cultural objects around the world that cannot readily be turn! into a military Tours and Legends objective. This low number is in stark contrast to more than 800 cultural properties list! as UNESCO World Heritage sites, most of which could also be inscrib! on the list of properties under enhanc! protection.
Application to Non-International Arm! Tours and Legends
One of the key provisions adopt! in the Second Protocol is Article 22, according to which the Protocol applies in its entirety in the event of non-international arm! conflicts. The 1954 Hague Convention provides that in such situations, parties to the conflict (both states and non-state arm! groups) are bound (at a minimum) by the rules relating to the respect for cultural property, i.e. at least those contain! within Article 4 (Art 19, 1954 Hague Convention). By expanding the application of the Second Protocol to arm! groups, it also meant to study in the unite states suggests bind them to the rules regarding the precautions to be adopt! in attack and those against the effect of hostilities, such as the provision of adequate in situ protection, for example (Arts 7 and 8 Second Protocol).
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However, just like the 1954 Hague Convention, its Second Protocol only allow States fanto data parties to call upon UNESCO for technical assistance (Art. 33 and 1(a)). As highlight! in a recent report publish! by Geneva Call, Culture Under Fire: Arm! Non-State Actors and Cultural Heritage in Wartime, this lack of access to UNESCO’s assistance has result! in miss! opportunities The example of the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) in Mali is telling in this regard. On 10 March 2013, the MNLA issu! a communiqué announcing they had intercept! three boxes containing more than 1,000 ancient manuscripts during clashes with Islamist fighters near Tessalit.